Part Four: Rhetorical Devices (Foundations of Rhetoric)

Rhetorical devices provide structured ways of enhancing effect. Greek and Roman writers "collected" them for both oral and written discourse. Some are more directly persuasive, while others are more aesthetic in nature.

First Devices

A small set of rhetorical devices frequently appear in early language development and everyday communication:

Simile is explicit comparison using "like" or "as" (the wind howled like a wolf).

Metaphor, on the other hand, is implicit comparison, specifically/particularly equating one thing and another thing (the moon is a lantern in the sky).

Alliteration is repetition of initial consonant sounds (stupid snakes slithered slowly).

Repetition is deliberate re-presentation of a concept, classically considered for emphasis (I want it, I need it, I love it).

Hyperbole is similarly exaggeration for emphasis (I’ve told you a million times!).

A rhetorical question is a question wherein the deliberated effect is from the seeking/question itself rather than the answer (who doesn’t love a sunny day?).

Functions

Beyond ornamentation, these contribute to clarity, memorability, and expressiveness (elements of effect). Conceptual emphasis, like through repetition, ensures ideas stand out amongst many options. Pathosic rhetoric deepens resonance; ones like alliteration do so from a different angle. Rhetorical questions (like analogies) prompt reflection rather than passivity.

Conclusion

Typical issues include:

Overuse (excessive reliance on metaphor, repetition, etc.) diminishes impact by muddying. Clichés feel worn out. And Illogical comparisons, and bad metaphors, are incoherent.

Rhetorical devices shape communication of ideas. As rhetoric refines delivery for effect, these devices are thus mechanisms and tools. The ability to use them can distinguish proper discourse from unformed speech.